Research Resources

Importance of Stretching on Performance/Increased Muscle Contraction

Pitman, M.I., and Peterson, Lars, 1989, William & Wilkins (ed.), Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 2nd Edition, Basic Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle, Chapter 5: 106.

Brobeck, J. R. (ed.): Best & Taylor’s Physiology Basis of Medical Practice. 10th Ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1979, pp. 59-113.

Definition of Stretching

O’Sullivan, S. B., 1888, F.A Davis (ed.), Physical Rehabilitation Assessment and Treatment, 3rd Ed, Strategies to Improve Motor Control and Learning, Chapter 13: 231.

Effect of Temperature on Muscle

Pitman, M.I., and Peterson, Lars, 1989, William & Wilkins (ed.), Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 2nd Edition, Basic Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle, Chapter 5: 102.

Effects of Temperature on Cartilage/Joints

Mow, V.C., Proctor, C.S., Kelly, M.A., 1989, William & Wilkins (ed.), Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 2nd Edition, Biomechanics of Articular Cartilage, Chapter 2: 47-54.

Muscle Control

Loeb, G.E. 1984. The control and responses of mammalian muscle spindles during normally executed motor tasks. Exer. Sport Sci. Rev. 12:157-204


Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., and Jessell, T.M, 1991, Fusimotor output can be adjusted independently of motor output. In Appleton & Lange (ed.), Principles of Neural Science, 3rd Ed., Chapter 37: 573-574.

Types of Muscle Contraction

Pitman, M.I., and Peterson, Lars, 1989, William & Wilkins (ed.), BasicBiomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 2nd Edition, Basic Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle, Chapter 5: 97-99.

Effects of Aging on Muscle Tissue

Carlstedt, C.A., and Nordin, M, 1989, William & Wilkins (ed.), Basic    Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 2nd Edition, Biomechanics of Tendons and Ligaments, Chapter 3: 68.

Definition of Tendons and Ligaments

Carlstedt, C.A., and Nordin, M, 1989, William & Wilkins (ed.), Basic    Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 2nd Edition, Biomechanics of Tendons and Ligaments, Chapter 3: 59.

Definition of Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs

Houk, J.C., and Rymer, W.Z. 1981. Neural control of muscle length and tension. In V.B. Brooks (ed.), Handbook of Physiology, Section 1: The Nervous System, Vol II. Motor Control, Part 1. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiology Society, pp. 257-323.

Hasan, Z., and Stuart, D.G. 1984. Mammalian muscle receptors. In R.A. Davidoff (ed.), Handbook of the Spinal Cord. Vols. 2&3: Anatomy & Physiology.New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 559-607.

Properties of Muscle Spindles

Boyd, I.A., and Smith, R.A. 1984. The muscle spindle. In P.J. Dyck, P.K. Thomas, E.H. Lambert, and R. Bunge (eds). Peripheral Neuropathy, Vol 1. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp. 171-202.

Properties of Golgi Tendon Organs

Houk, J.C., Crago, P.W., and Rymer, W.Z. 1980. Functional properties of Golgi tendon organs. In J.E. Desmedt (ed.), Spinal and Supraspinal Mechanisms of Voluntary Motor Control and Locomotion, Vol. 8. Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology. Basel: Karger, pp.33-43.


Houk, J., and Henneman, E. 1967. Responses of Golgi tendon organs to active contraction of the soleus muscle of the cat. J. Neurophysiology. 30:466- 481.

Properties of Reflexes

Liddell, E.G.T., and Sherrington, C. 1924. Reflexes in response to stretch. Proc.Soc. Land. [Biol] 96:212-242

Renshaw, B. 1940. Activity in the simplest spinal reflex pathways. J. Neurophysiol. 3:373-387.


Stein, R. B., and Capaday, C. 1988. The modulation of human reflexes during functional motor tasks. Trends Neurosci. 11:328-332.


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